Objective To investigate the breeding status and diversity of acaroid mites in the ground dust flour in some areas of Xuzhou, Jiangsu province, China. Methods Ground dust flour was collected from steamed bun shops, pancake shops, and baked wheat cake shops in a food market in Xuzhou; acaroid mites were isolated from the samples via direct microscopy method and were made into slide specimens for mite species identification and statistical analysis. Results A total of 58 647 acaroid mites were detected from 460 grams of ground dust flour, which belonged to 9 species of 8 genera of 4 families. The dominant species was Tyrophagus putrescentiae. The mean breeding densities of acaroid mites in the ground dust flour of the steamed bun shops, pancake shops, and baked wheat cake shops were 151.70, 116.28, and 71.28 mites/g, respectively, and the mean breeding density was 127.49 mites/g. The species richness, species diversity, and species evenness were highest in the pancake shops, followed by the baked wheat cake shops and steamed bun shops; the species dominance was highest in the baked wheat cake shops, followed by the steamed bun shops and pancake shops; the species similarity of acaroid mites was relatively high between the two of the three sites. Conclusion The ground dust flour in Xuzhou is heavily infested with acaroid mites, which should be given enough attention. Meanwhile, prevention and control measures should be strengthened to reduce mite-induced risks to humans.

Objective In order to understand the insecticide resistance of Musca domestica to five different commonly used insecticides in Huairou district from 2014 and 2016, and provide the basis for scientific and reasonable guidance on the selection of insecticides for its control program. Methods The drug resistance test was carried out using the membrane method, and the experimental data were analyzed by PROBIT model in SPSS(21.0) software. Results In 2014 and 2016, the wild population of M. domestica in Huairou district was susceptible to DDVP, and the resistance were 0.23 and 0.25-fold,respectively. The resistance to Deltamethrin was high, and the resistance were 157.62 and 37.15-fold, respectively; resistance to Beta-cypermethrin were very high in both years, the resistance were 181.64 and 289.06-fold, respectively. In 2016, the resistance level to Propoxur changed from low to high, and increased by 4.15 times compared to 2014; the resistance level to Chlorpyrifos was decreased by 33.58 times from low resistance to being susceptible. Conclusion The M. domestica in Huairou district showed high or extremely high resistance to pyrethroid insecticides. The resistance to DDVP and Chlorpyrifos should be further monitored and determined. Integrated control measures should be taken to control fly species.

Objective To understand the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 25 imported Zika cases in Mainland China, and to provide reference for the prevention and control of Zika disease. Methods Collect the information of 25 imported Zika cases in mainland China, and use descriptive study to analyze the characteristics of demography, epidemiology, clinic, and laboratory. Results Among 25 imported Zika cases, 17 cases (68.0%) came from Venezuela, the median age of all cases was 30, the ratio of male to female was 1.5:1, and half the number of cases (12/25, 48.0%) engaged in commercial services. The border quarantine and health follow-up were the main methods to discover the imported cases (each found 9 cases). All cases had skin rash, and the proportion of conjunctivitis and fever was 64.0% and 52.0%, respectively. In laboratory test, the positive rate of urine sample was 92.0%, followed by saliva sample (80.0%) and blood sample (60.0%). Conclusion Strengthening the health education for people who will enter the Americas and other epidemic countries, and consolidating the border screening and inspection of travelers from the Zika epidemic areas will help to prevent and control Zika in China. Skin rash and positive result of urine sample can be considered as important references to the diagnoses of Zika disease.

Objective To study the Acaroid mites breeding in Chinese herbal medicine Fructificatio Auricularia auricular and describe the morphology of Lepidoglyphus destructor. Methods The Chinese herbal medicine Fructificatio Auricularia auricular was collected from pharmacy and hospital Chinese medicinal materials warehouse in Wuhu city in July 2015, vibration sieve was used to separate the mites, and the morphological observation was conducted for the mite specites Lepidoglyphus destructor. Results The detection rate of acaroids mite was 76.67%, with the average breeding density of 2.09/g, total 9 kinds of acaroids mites were collected. The eggs, larvae, protonymph, dormancy, tritonymph and adult mites of Lepidoglyphus destructor were visible in Chinese medicinal materials Fructificatio Auricularia auricular. Conclusion The Acaroid mites breed seriously in Chinese herbal medicine Fructificatio Auricularia auricular, and need to adopt measures for prevention and control of the mite breeding.

Objective To study the structure and feeding habits of Neoseiulus barkeri. Methods After oscillating and washing, the mite was killed with heated alcohol, then placed in the preservation solution. Mounting medium zishi was applied to the slide in the amount of 2-3 drops, and a cover glass was placed after adjusted mite posture with hair needle. The specimens were dried for identification under light microscope. Results Length of N. barkeri male body is about 310-350 μm, with light gray or light brown in color. Corniculus is long and slender, aggregated to center. The fixed digit, which has three tines, and movable digit, which has one denticulation, are approximately equal in length. The spermatodactyl is shap of "T". There are 17 pair setae on the back, all equal length except Z₅ which with comb shape and slightly longer. Outer edge hair r₃ and R₁ are located on the back. Besides anal seta there have other 4 pair setae. The female body length is about 370-390 μm. Color and shape is similar to those in male. The chelicerae is bigger than male's but the anal plate is smaller than male's. The egg is colorless and transparent, with oval shape, and size of (80-85) μm×(60-65) μm. Each female mite preyed Caloglyphus berlesei at an average of (12.80±1.47) per day and C. berlesei eggs with an average of (17.70±1.86) per day. When prey was absence, there was a tendency of self-mutilation. Conclusion We gained certain understanding of the morphology and feeding of N. barkeri, which provide a foundation for the further study.

Objective To investigate the breeding of the mite Tarsonemus granarius in the stored Chinese herb safflower. Methods Samples of Carthamus tinctorius were collected from Wuhu, Huainan and Xuancheng in China. The mites T. granarius were isolated with directicopy and waternacopy, and identified and counted under the light microscope. Results The mites T. granarius were found in the stored Chinese herb safflower. The breeding rate and breeding density was 6.50% (13/200) and 6.12 heads/g (796 heads/130 g), respectively. The composition of adult mites accounted for 85.80%, young mites 12.82% and eggs 1.38%. Conclusion Our findings suggest that the mite T. granarius breed in the stored Chinese herb safflower, and this condition requires our attention to prevent and control.

Objective To investigate the species and ecological differences of mite breeding in wheat bran stored in different ways. Methods Twenty-five wheat bran samples stored in different ways (bulk, package, and bucket) were collected from northern Anhui province, China. Mites breeding in the samples were isolated, identified, and counted. The following ecological indices were analyzed: breeding density, richness index, diversity index, and evenness index. Differences in the rate of mite breeding between the three storage methods were examined using 2 test. Results Eight species of mites were identified from 75 wheat bran samples, mainly including Caloglyphus berlesei (40.7% ) and Tyrophagus putrescentiae (33.3%). The breeding densities of mites in bulk, package, and bucket storage were 0.50, 0.25, and 0.30 mite/g, respectively. The corresponding values of richness index were 1.59, 1.18, and 0.94, respectively;the values of diversity index were 1.536, 1.222, and 1.167, respectively;the values of evenness index were 0.739, 0.759, and 0.725, respectively. The rates of mite breeding in bulk, package, and bucket storage were 48.0%, 24.0%, and 16.0%, respectively, with significant differences between the three storage methods ( χ²=6.047, P<0.05). Conclusion Mite breeding exists in wheat bran storage in northern Anhui province, where the rate of mite breeding is affected by the way of storage.

Objective To study the predatory capacity of Culex fuscanus on Aedes albopictus and the relevant influencing factors. Methods Culex fuscanus and Ae. albopictus larvae were collected in the field. Densities of Cx. fuscanus and Ae. albopictus larvae were recorded and the relationship between densities and the predatory capacity of Cx. fuscanus was studied. The surviving status of Ae. albopictus at different temperature and in water inhabited by Cx. fuscanus was investigated. Results When the density of prey fell in a certain range [under 25 Ae. albopictus larvae/(Cx. fuscanus larva·d)], the daily predation by Cx. fuscanus larvae was positively correlated with the density of Ae. albopictus (R=0.942, P<0.01), and the highest number of caught Ae. albopictus larvae was 55.86, as calculated by the Holling's disc equation. When the density of prey remained consistent, the daily predation by Cx. fuscanus larvae was negatively correlated with the density of its own (R=-0.943, P<0.01). Cx. fuscanus larvae could change the quality of water to reduce the survival rate of Ae. albopictus larvae (χ²=8.661, P=0.002). Significant difference in high temperature tolerance was observed between Ae. albopictus and Ae. albopictus larvae (t=7.365, P<0.01). Conclusion The biological control capability of Cx. fuscanus on Ae. albopictus is affected by many factors including temperature and densities of Ae. albopictus and Cx. fuscanus. Further studies are needed to evaluate the actual field efficacy of biological control. Predation of Ae. albopictus by Cx. fuscanus can be used as an attempt of biological control.

Objective To determine the concentrations of allergens Der f 1 (from Dermatophagoides farinae) and Der p 1 (from D. pteronyssinus) in the dust from filters of domestic air conditioners and in the indoor air before and after the operation of air conditioners in Wuhu, Anhui province, China and to investigate the association of dust mite allergens in air conditioner filters with asthma attack. Methods Sixty dust samples were equally collected from the air conditioner filters in domestic houses of asthmatic patients and healthy subjects; indoor air dust samples were collected from the rooms of the above two groups using dust samplers, and for each group, 30 samples were collected before the operation of air conditioners and 30 samples after the operation. The concentrations of allergens Der f 1 and Der p 1 were determined by enzyme?linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and the binding capacity of allergens from dust extract was measured by dot?ELISA. Results The median concentrations of Der f 1 and Der p 1 in dust from filters were 1.49 and 1.28 μg/g for healthy subjects, versus 0.73 and 0.85 μg/g for asthmatic patients (P＜0.01 and P＜0.05). The median concentrations of Der f 1 and Der p 1 in air before the operation of conditioners were 4.65 and 5.90 ng/m3 for healthy subjects, versus 5.05 and 5.90 ng/m3 for asthmatic patients; the median concentrations of Der f 1 and Der p 1 in air after the operation of conditioners were 7.65 and 7.35 ng/m3 for healthy subjects, versus 7.15 and 7.10 ng/m3 for asthmatic patients. The Results showed that for both asthmatic patients and healthy subjects, the concentrations of Der f 1 and Der p 1 in air increased significantly after the air conditioners were turned on (P＜0.05). Additionally, the Dot?ELISA findings revealed that the allergens from dust extract were capable of binding to IgE from the sera of asthmatic patients allergic to dust mites. Conclusion Allergens Der f 1 and Der p 1 exist in the filters of air conditioners in domestic houses of Wuhu, and the concentrations of the two allergens in air increase significantly after the operation of air conditioners. These findings suggest that the filters of domestic air conditioners should be cleaned or replaced regularly to prevent or reduce internal accumulation of dust mites.

Objective To study the distribution pattern of rodents in Qinghai province, China. Methods The data on 45 species of rodents, belonging to 9 families and 2 orders, were retrieved. The Ward's method was used for cluster analysis of rodents in each physical geographical unit of Qinghai. Results The rodents in Qinghai were clustered into two groups. The rodents from Qiangtang Plateau and Guoluo Yushu Plateau were clustered into a new group at a distance coefficient of 0.13, and the rodents from mountains north to Qinghai Lake, mountainous unit of Huangnan, Huangshui Valley, Qaidam Basin, and Qilian Mountains in Qinghai were clustered into a new group at a distance coefficient of 0.21. Conclusion The clustering results show interrelation between rodents and environment in different geographical units.

Objective To compare the quality between the glass specimens of acaroid mites prepared with three mounting media. Methods Polyethylene lactic acid phenol medium, Berlese medium, and Hoyer's medium were prepared according to formulae, and their physical and chemical properties were compared. Sixty glass specimens of acaroid mites were prepared with each medium and were observed under a optical microscope after being oven-dried. The obtained data were analyzed by chi-square test. Results Polyethylene lactic acid phenol medium was light yellow liquid, with a density of 0.99 g/ml. Berlese medium was reddish brown, with a density of 1.12 g/ml. Hoyer's medium was slightly lighter than Berlese medium, with a density of 1.37 g/ml. The optical microscopy showed that the glass specimens of acaroid mites prepared with Hoyer's medium had high transparency and stretched mite bodies, with little yellowing and blackening at both sides of mite bodies; the specimens prepared with the other two media had relatively low quality. The chi-square test revealed significant differences between the three media (χ²=15.54, P<0.01), and the specimens prepared with Hoyer's medium had significantly higher quality than that prepared with polyethylene lactic acid phenol medium (χ²=7.50, P<0.01) and that prepared with Berlese medium (χ²=15.70, P<0.01). Conclusion Glass specimens of acaroid mites prepared with Hoyer's medium have the best quality under a optical microscope, providing a reference for the preparation of high-quality glass specimens of acaroid mites.

Objective To investigate the breeding of acaroid mites in room air conditioners in Wuhu, China. Methods Dust was collected from the dust screens of the cabinet air conditioners and wall-mounted air conditioners used by Wuhu residents from June to October 2012. The mites breeding in the dust were classified and identified, and the mites of each species were counted. The mite breeding rates were compared by chi-square test. Results A total of 202 dust samples were collected from the dust screens of air conditioners; 3265 mites, including 2796 acaroid mites, were detected from the dust samples, and they were identified as 18 species, 14 genera, and 6 families. The mean breeding density was 10.39 mites/g of dust, and the breeding rate was 70.79%. The mite breeding rate for the cabinet air conditioners was 58.73%, versus 76.26% for the wall-mounted air conditioners (χ²=6.442, P<0.05). Pyroglyphidae, Acaridae, and Glycyphagidae were commonly seen and accounted for 53.47%, 20.96%, and 18.13% of the total tmites, respectively. Conclusion In Wuhu, acaroid mites breed heavily in the dust screens of cabinet air conditioners and wall-mounted air conditioners, with high species diversity.

Objective To study the spatial niches of rodents in Geermu area of Qinghai province, China. Methods The rodent communities in four habitats in Geermu area were studied using Shannon-Wiener niche breadth index and Pianka's niche overlap index. Results Of the 12 species of captured rodents, Ochotona curzoniae had the highest niche breadth (0.5486), followed by Pitymys leucurus (0.4930) and P. irene (0.4591); Phodopus roborovskii, Eolagurus luteus, Rattus norvegicus, Microtus oeconomus, Mus musculus, Dipus sagitta and Euchoreutes naso had the lowest niche breadths, with an approximate value of 0. Among the 12 species of rodents, the highest niche overlap was 1, and the lowest niche overlap was 0. Conclusion There are small differences in niche breadth between the species of rodents among the dominant species or non-dominant ones, respectively in Geermu area. The rodent species with a total niche overlap show similarities in biological characteristics and ecological adaptability, while those without niche overlap are different in the use of natural resources, demonstrating no competition in resource utilization.

Objective To study the community structure and diversity of mites breeding in tobacco storage in Anhui province, China. Methods Samples (tobacco leaves and tobacco dust on the ground) were obtained from four different habitats (simple storage, open storage, tenemental storage, and alcoholizing storage) of tobacco storage, and mites were collected, isolated, identified, counted, and analyzed. Results Twenty-three species of mites belonging to 16 genera and 5 families were collected. The species number, species richness, and species diversity of mites were the highest in simple storage, followed by open storage, tenemental storage, and alcoholizing storage. The species evenness of mite community was the highest in simple storage (J'= 0.959), while the species domination of mite community was the highest in alcoholizing storage (D=0.150). The Jaccard similarity index between the mite communities in open storage and alcoholizing storage was the lowest (Q=0.238). Conclusion The community structure and diversity of mites breeding in tobacco storage in Anhui province are closely related to the habitat conditions, and there are relatively few mites breeding in alcoholizing storage.

Objective To investigate the relationship between the community structure of acaroid mites and their habitat in the breeding environment for Eupolyphaga sinensis Walker. Methods One hundred samples were collected at several points in a E. sinensis Walker farm in North Anhui province, China. The collected samples underwent isolation, identification, and counting as well as analysis of the ecological diversity. Results Eight species of acaroid mites, belonging to 6 genera under 3 families, were identified from the breeding environment, with a mean breeding density of (95.07?9.54) mites/g, a richness index (Margalef index) of 2.127, an evenness index (Pielou index) of 0.939, a diversity index of 1.972, and a dominance index of 0.872. The community of acaroid mites consisted of Caloglyphus berlesei (69.3%), Tyrophagus putrescentiae (10.6%), Acarus siro (9.2%), Dermatophagoides farinae (5.4%), and other species (5.5%). Conclusion Acaroid mites multiply seriously in the breeding environment for E. sinensis Walker in North Anhui province. Of the acaroid mites, C. berlesei is the dominant species and tends to live on decayed materials.

Objective To investigate the effects of several regular immunostimulants on the phenoloxidase (PO) activity in Oncomelania hupensis. Methods The snails were divided into four treatment groups and one control group. In the treatment groups, the snails were soaked in phytic acid, vitamin C, β-glucan, or lipopolysaccharid for 60 min, while in the control group, the snails were soaked in dechlorinated water for 60 min. After the shells were removed, the soft tissues of the snails were homogenized and centrifugated to obtain crude enzyme liquid. The PO activity in each group was measured by colorimetry with catechol as the substrate, and statistical analysis was performed on the measurement results. Results The PO activity at different time points showed no significant difference from that at 0 h in the control group ( F=2.10, P>0.05). Compared with the control group, the phytic acid and vitamin C treatment groups showed significantly decreased PO activity at different time points after being soaked in phytic acid and vitamin C (P <0.05), and the PO activity decreased over time; the β-glucan and lipopolysaccharid treatment groups showed significantly increased PO activity after treatment ( P<0.05), and the PO activity increased over time. Conclusion As immunostimulants, phytic acid and vitamin C can decrease the PO activity in O. hupensis, while β-glucan and 1ipopolysaccharid can increase the PO activity.

Objective To investigate habitat and diversity of storage mites and dust mites community from 3 different motors in Anhui province. Methods Collection, isolation, counting and identification of the mites from buses, private cars and taxis was conducted in Anhui province during May to October. Data were analyzed statistically. Results From 600 samples, mites were detected in 335 samples with the positive rate of 52.2%. Twenty species of mites were founded, attached to 16 genera and 6 families. The analysis of diversity demonstrated that the average breeding density ranged from(11.85?5.01)to(33.60?8.49), the richness index (Margalef index) fluctuated from 0.532-1.525, the diversity index (Shannon-Wiener index) changed from 2.264-3.035, the Pielou index ranged from 1.050-1.264, the species domination index (Simpson index) ranged from 0.296-0.414, Jaccard index were 0.381, 0.211, 0.385. Conclusion The highest average breeding density, richest species, highest diversity indexes and lowest Simpson index were all observed in the habitat of private cars. However, we get the opposite results in those from taxis and buses, and the lowest similarity between those from private cars and buses. The reasons of the contrasting findings may be related to the difference of storage objects, temperature, humidity and human disturbance in various habitats of motors

Objective To investigate the breeding density and the major allergens of acaroid mites in various motors. Methods Acaroid mites were collected from taxis, private cars and buses, and isolated, counted and identified from May to October in 2010. PCR was performed to detect the allergens Der f 1, Der p 1, Der f 2, Der p 2, with statistical analysis of the results done. Results It was found that there were thirteen species of acaroid mites, belonging to 12 genera and 4 families. The breeding rate was the highest in taxis (85.0%) with most species found in private cars. Four gene sequences (646 bp, 923 bp, 455 bp, 408 bp) were specifically amplified from different samples, with the positive rates of Der p 1 and Der p 2 of the samples from taxis higher than those from other motors (80.0% and 65.0%), and the positive rates of the four allergens ranged from 45.0%-57.5% in private cars but much lower in buses. Conclusion The breeding rate, species distribution and positive rates of acaroid mites from the three habitats are significantly different, which may be associated with the variation of temperature and humidity, habits of acaroid mites and degree of human disturbance.

Objective To determine the epidemiological characteristics of brucellosis and the influential factors in Qinghai, providing the basis for development of the prevention and control strategies. Methods Descriptive epidemiological analysis was conducted in such fields as the onset year, region and seasonal transmission factors. Results Of the 1543 sera samples, 129 positives were detected by the rose bengal plate agglutination test, with a positive rate of 8.36%; 38 positives were found by the tube agglutination test, with a positive rate of 2.46%. A total of 17 new emerging cases were reported in Qinghai from 2006 to 2008. The incidence peaked from March to July. Pastoralists were primarily affected. Conclusion The human brucellosis prevalence existed in Qinghai and was characterized with spring-to-summer peak and pastomlist-predominant.

Objective To determine the flea fauna and distribution in Three Rivers’ Headwaters region of Qinghai province. Methods Based on the results of the investigation and surveillance on plague foci, fleas were collected in vitro from the captured small mammals in the regions, and taxonomic identification was conducted. Results A total of 104 species of fleas had been found in Three Rivers’ Headwaters region in Qinghai (including sub?species), belonging to 33 genera, 6 families, the dominant species being Ceratophyllidae, Leptopsyllidae and Ctenophthalmidae, accounting for 33.65% (35/104), 27.88% (29/104) and 24.04% (25/104), respectively. Thirty four species, 16 genera and 33 families in the Qiangtang Plateau sub?region, 100 species, 16 genera and 6 families in South Tibet sub?region were also found, including 28 unique species in Three Rivers’ Headwaters region. Conclusion Further biological investigation on fleas should be strengthened along with vector control research in order to provide data for the prevention and control of plague.

Objective Nosopsyllus laeviceps ellobii (Wagner) were reared at different temperatures and relative humidities to determine the biological characteristics, providing basic evidence for the prevention and control of flea. Methods Adults and larvae were separately raised and observed under constant temperature and humidity. Results The growth of fleas ceased at the first larval stage under a relative humidity of (35±3)% and a temperature of (20.5±1)℃ or (22.5±1)℃, and the third stage under a relative humidity of (95±3)% and a temperature of (20.5±1)℃. At (22.5±1)℃, egg?to?adult development was achieved with nevertheless low survival rate. The mean survival time of new eclosed fleas was 11.68 days under starvation conditions, less than 15.07 d (22.5±1)℃, suggesting a sub?optimal temperature of (22.5±1)℃ and an optimum humidity of (75±3)%. Conclusion N. laeviceps ellobii is characterized by short metamorphic period, long adult life and strong reproductive capacity.

【Abstract】 Objective To know the species and distributions of carnivores and small mammals in Sanjiangyuan area. Methods The investigation was done by the night trap. Results There were many carnivores and small mammals in San jiang yuan, belonging to 4 orders, 11 Familys, 27 Genera and 51 species. Conclusion Marmota himalayana, Microtus oeconomus, Mus musculus, Cricetulus longicaudatus, Ochotona curzoniae, Felis catus, Canis familiaris, Vulpes vulpes, Vulpes corsac, Canis upus,Mustela eversmanni distributed widely  in Sanjiangyuan Area. Marmota himalayana was the main host of nature plague foci in the Qinghai-Tibet plateau.

【Abstract】 Objective To study the composition and diversity of Acaroid mites in stored produces in Xuancheng area. Methods Acaroid mites were isolated by light and worked out specimens to classify. Then the data was counted and analyzed. Results A total of 19 species of Acairdida were detected from 27 samples, belonging to 16 genera and 7 families. The average breeding density of the Mites was 131.63/g, and the species richness index was 1.72. The diversity index was 2.84, and the evenness index was 0.97. Conclusion Stored products in Xuancheng area were seriously polluted by acaroid mites, and the constitution of Acaridida community took on diversification. So it’s important to prevent acaroid mites and guard against human acarisis.